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Harvard Collegeoriginally ', and around which Harvard University eventually grewwas founded 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. For centuries its graduates dominated Massachusetts' clerical and civil ranks, and beginning in the 19th century its stature became national, then international, as a dozen graduate and professional schools were formed alongside the nucleus undergraduate College. Historically influential in national roles are the schools of medicine (1782), law (1817) and business (1908) as well as the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1890). Since the late 19th century Harvard has been one of the most prestigious schools in the world, its library system and financial endowment larger than those of any other. |source = "New England's First Fruits" (1643)〔Samuel Eliot Morison, ''The founding of Harvard College'' (1936) Appendix D, and pp 304-5〕}} ==Colonial origins== With some 17,000 Puritans migrating to New England by 1636, Harvard was founded in anticipation of the need for training clergy for the new commonwealth, a "church in the wilderness." Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was initially called "New College" or "the college at New Towne". In 1638 the school received a printing pressthe only press in North America until Harvard acquired a second in 1659.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/harvard’s-first-impressions/ )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/EzekielRogers.pdf )〕 In 1639, the college was renamed ''Harvard College'' after clergyman John Harvard, a University of Cambridge alumnus who had willed the new school £779 pounds sterling and (perhaps more importantly) his library of some 400 books. The colony charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 at the beginning of the English Interregnum. When the college's first president Henry Dunster abandoned Puritanism in favor of the English Baptist faith in 1654, he provoked a controversy that highlighted two distinct approaches to dealing with dissent in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The colony's Puritan leaders, whose own religion was born of dissent from mainstream Church of England, generally worked for reconciliation with members who questioned matters of Puritan theology but responded much more harshly to outright rejection of Puritanism. Dunster's conflict with the colony's magistrates began when he failed to have his infant son baptized, believing, as an adherent of the Believers baptism of English Baptists and/or Anabaptists, that only adults should be baptized. Efforts to restore Dunster to Puritan orthodoxy failed, and his apostasy proved untenable to colony leaders who had entrusted him, in his job as Harvard's president, to uphold the colony's religious mission. Thus, he represented a threat to the stability of society. Dunster exiled himself in 1654 and moved to nearby Plymouth Colony, where he died in 1658.〔Timothy L. Wood, "'I Spake the Truth in the Feare of God': the Puritan Management of Dissent During the Henry Dunster Controversy," ''Historical Journal of Massachusetts'' 2005 33(1): 1-19,〕 Because it had been illegal for the colony to establish a college Charles II rescinded the Massachusetts Bay Colony charter in 1684 by writ of scire facias. In 1692, the leading Puritan divine Increase Mather became president of Harvard. One of his acts was replacing pagan classics with books by Christian authors in ethics classes, and maintaining a high standard of discipline. The Harvard "Lawes" of 1642 and the "Harvard College Laws of 1700" testify to its original high level of discipline.〔See (Laws and Statutes for Students of Harvard College )〕 Students were required to observe rules of pious decorum inconceivable in the 19th century, and ultimately to prove their fitness for the bachelor's degree by showing that they could 'read the original of the Old and New Testament into the Latin tongue, and resolve them logically.'〔Barrett Wendell, ''Cotton Mather, the Puritan priest'' (1897) p 35〕 During Harvard's early years the town of Cambridge maintained order on campus and provided economic support; the local Puritan minister had direct oversight of Harvard and ensured the orthodoxy of its leadership. By 1700 Harvard was strong enough to regulate and discipline its own people, and to a large extent the direction in which support and assistance flowed was reversed, Harvard now providing financial support for local economic expansion, improvements to public health, and construction of local roads, meetinghouses and schools.〔John Daniel Burton, ''Puritan Town and Gown: Harvard College and Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1636–1800.'' PhD dissertation, College of William and Mary, 1996. 314 pp. DAI 1997 58(2): 560-A. DA9720973〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Harvard University」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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